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High-throughput numerical modeling of the tunable synaptic behavior in 2D MoS2 memristive devices
Memristive devices based on two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as potential synaptic candidates for next-generation neuromorphic computing hardware. Here, we introduce a numerical modeling framework that facilitates efficient exploration of the large parameter space for 2D memristive synaptic devices. High-throughput charge-transport simulations are performed to investigate the voltage pulse characteristics for lateral 2D memristors and synaptic device metrics are studied for different weight-update schemes. We show that the same switching mechanism can lead to fundamentally different pulse characteristics influencing not only the device metrics but also the weight-update direction. A thorough analysis of the parameter space allows simultaneous optimization of the linearity, symmetry, and drift in the synaptic behavior that are related through tradeoffs. The presented modeling framework can serve as a tool for designing 2D memristive devices in practical neuromorphic circuits by providing guidelines for materials properties, device functionality, and system performance for target applications.
PGRMC2 is a pressure-volume regulator critical for myocardial responses to stress in mice
Progesterone receptors are classified into nuclear and membrane-bound receptor families. Previous unbiased proteomic studies indicate a potential association between cardiac diseases and the progesterone receptor membrane-bound component-2 (PGRMC2); however, the role of PGRMC2 in the heart remains unknown. In this study, we use a heart-specific knockout (KO) mouse model (MyH6•Pgrmc2flox/flox) in which the Pgrmc2 gene was selectively deleted in cardiomyocytes. Here we show that PGRMC2 serves as a mediator of steroid hormones for rapid calcium signaling in cardiomyocytes to maintain cardiac contraction, sufficient stroke volume, and adequate cardiac output by regulating the cardiac pressure-volume relationship. The KO hearts from male and female mice exhibit an impairment in pressure-volume relationship. Under hypoxic conditions, this pressure-volume dysregulation progresses to congestive left and right ventricular failure in the KO hearts. Overall, we propose that PGRMC2 is a cardiac pressure-volume regulator to maintain normal cardiac physiology, especially during hypoxic stress.
Energy metabolism in health and diseases
Energy metabolism is indispensable for sustaining physiological functions in living organisms and assumes a pivotal role across physiological and pathological conditions. This review provides an extensive overview of advancements in energy metabolism research, elucidating critical pathways such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, along with their intricate regulatory mechanisms. The homeostatic balance of these processes is crucial; however, in pathological states such as neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer, extensive metabolic reprogramming occurs, resulting in impaired glucose metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction, which accelerate disease progression. Recent investigations into key regulatory pathways, including mechanistic target of rapamycin, sirtuins, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, have considerably deepened our understanding of metabolic dysregulation and opened new avenues for therapeutic innovation. Emerging technologies, such as fluorescent probes, nano-biomaterials, and metabolomic analyses, promise substantial improvements in diagnostic precision. This review critically examines recent advancements and ongoing challenges in metabolism research, emphasizing its potential for precision diagnostics and personalized therapeutic interventions. Future studies should prioritize unraveling the regulatory mechanisms of energy metabolism and the dynamics of intercellular energy interactions. Integrating cutting-edge gene-editing technologies and multi-omics approaches, the development of multi-target pharmaceuticals in synergy with existing therapies such as immunotherapy and dietary interventions could enhance therapeutic efficacy. Personalized metabolic analysis is indispensable for crafting tailored treatment protocols, ultimately providing more accurate medical solutions for patients. This review aims to deepen the understanding and improve the application of energy metabolism to drive innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Rapid evolution of energetic lightning strokes in Mediterranean winter storms
The occurrence of winter lightning concentrates in a few specific regions in the world, including the Mediterranean, where electromagnetic signatures of this interesting dangerous phenomenon have not yet been studied in detail. We investigate the initial stage of energetic negative cloud-to-ground winter lightning flashes in the West Mediterranean region using broadband magnetic field measurements (5 kHz–90 MHz) recorded in winter 2014/2015, which was unusually rich in global lightning activity. We found that the winter pre-stroke processes leading to the high peak current lightning (<−100 kA) lasted on average only 1.7 ms (in one case only 220 µs). Rapid evolution of energetic lightning indicates that leader initiation charge centers can be as low as 500 m above the ground. The measured distribution of pre-stroke pulse amplitudes and interpulse intervals can be used to model the charge structure in the lower thundercloud dipole and to derive the properties of in-cloud lightning channels.
Advancements in ultrafast photonics: confluence of nonlinear optics and intelligent strategies
Automatic mode-locking techniques, the integration of intelligent technologies with nonlinear optics offers the promise of on-demand intelligent control, potentially overcoming the inherent limitations of traditional ultrafast pulse generation that have predominantly suffered from the instability and suboptimality of open-loop manual tuning. The advancements in intelligent algorithm-driven automatic mode-locking techniques primarily are explored in this review, which also revisits the fundamental principles of nonlinear optical absorption, and examines the evolution and categorization of conventional mode-locking techniques. The convergence of ultrafast pulse nonlinear interactions with intelligent technologies has intricately expanded the scope of ultrafast photonics, unveiling considerable potential for innovation and catalyzing new waves of research breakthroughs in ultrafast photonics and nonlinear optics characters.
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