Global prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of cataract in 204 countries and territories: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Nationwide analysis of sex differences in waiting times for cataract surgery in Sweden between 2010 and 2022
Sex-based disparities in healthcare access remain a global challenge. We aimed to investigate differences in waiting times for cataract surgery between males and females in Sweden, hypothesizing that such disparities might persist even within a universal healthcare system.
Global burden of young-onset dementia, from 1990 to 2021: an age-period-cohort analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021
This study aims to assess the burden of young-onset dementia worldwide, regionally, and nationally during 1990–2021. Prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates were used to estimate burden of the young-onset dementia. The average annual percentage was utilized to evaluate the trends during 1990–2021. Decomposition analysis was performed to explore driving factors behind changes. Age-period-cohort modeling was used to estimate local drift, age, period and cohort effects. Global age standardized prevalence and incidence of dementia among people under 65 years increased from 93.39 and 16.24 per 100,000 persons in 1990 to 96.09 and 17.16 per 100,000 persons in 2021; mortality increased from 0.89 per 100,000 population to 0.91 per 100,000 population; and age standardized DALYs increased from 45.60 per 100,000 persons to 46.78 per 100,000 persons. Countries with a high, high-middle, and middle SDI experienced an upward trend of prevalence and incidence, and the mortality and DALYs of young-onset dementia in countries with a low-middle and low sociodemographic index was a higher level. Smoking, high body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose levels were main risk factors. Population growth was the largest factor for the increasing young-onset dementia in all regions. Globally, prevalence, incidence, and DALYs rate of young-onset dementia increased with age, period effects showing a decreasing risk and then an increasing risk. Cohort effects of prevalence and DALYs began to decline after the 1950s. Young-onset dementia presents a growing global health challenge in the age, period and cohort across SDI regions, countries.
A systematic analysis of disability inclusion in domestic climate policies
We provide the first systematic analysis of whether, how, and to what extent people with disabilities and their human rights are included in two subsets of climate policies adopted by 195 parties to the Paris Agreement. We found that only 41 parties mention people with disabilities in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs), whereas only 75 do so in their adaptation policies. Moreover, these references are rarely accompanied by concrete measures to include people with disabilities, their rights, or their knowledge in climate decision-making. Our findings demonstrate that states are generally not abiding by their obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the human rights of persons with disabilities under international and domestic law. This exposes people with disabilities to climate-related harm and reinforces, rather than disrupts, the inequities they face in societies around the world. It also fails to harness the multiple benefits associated with a disability-inclusive approach to climate action.
The future of cataract surgery
The topic of the 2024 Cambridge Ophthalmology Symposium was “Evolution and the Eye”. The topic of this paper is to discuss various “evolutionary” pressures that may shape the future of cataract surgery (CS) over the next decades. These pressures include: The need to improve CS access; The need to improve sustainability; The development and introduction of new technologies, and the incorporation of artificial intelligence.
Bayesian p-curve mixture models as a tool to dissociate effect size and effect prevalence
Much research in the behavioral sciences aims to characterize the “typical” person. A statistically significant group-averaged effect size is often interpreted as evidence that the typical person shows an effect, but that is only true under certain distributional assumptions for which explicit evidence is rarely presented. Mean effect size varies with both within-participant effect size and population prevalence (proportion of population showing effect). Few studies consider how prevalence affects mean effect size estimates and existing estimators of prevalence are, conversely, confounded by uncertainty about effect size. We introduce a widely applicable Bayesian method, the p-curve mixture model, that jointly estimates prevalence and effect size by probabilistically clustering participant-level data based on their likelihood under a null distribution. Our approach, for which we provide a software tool, outperforms existing prevalence estimation methods when effect size is uncertain and is sensitive to differences in prevalence or effect size across groups or conditions.
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