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ToF-SIMS sputter depth profiling of interphases and coatings on lithium metal surfaces

Lithium metal as a negative electrode material offers ten times the specific capacity of graphitic electrodes, but its rechargeable operation poses challenges like excessive and continuous interphase formation, high surface area lithium deposits and safety issues. Improving the lithium | electrolyte interface and interphase requires powerful surface analysis techniques, such as ToF-SIMS sputter depth profiling.This study investigates lithium metal sections with an SEI layer by ToF-SIMS using different sputter ions. An optimal sputter ion is chosen based on the measured ToF-SIMS sputter depth profiles and SEM analysis of the surface damage. Further, this method is adapted to lithium metal foil with an intermetallic coating. ToF-SIMS sputter depth profiles in both polarities provide comprehensive insights into the coating structure. Both investigations highlight the value of ToF-SIMS sputter depth profiling in lithium metal battery research and offer guidance for future studies.

The evolution of lithium-ion battery recycling

Demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing owing to the expanding use of electrical vehicles and stationary energy storage. Efficient and closed-loop battery recycling strategies are therefore needed, which will require recovering materials from spent LIBs and reintegrating them into new batteries. In this Review, we outline the current state of LIB recycling, evaluating industrial and developing technologies. Among industrial technologies, pyrometallurgy can be broadly applied to diverse electrode materials but requires operating temperatures of over 1,000 °C and therefore has high energy consumption. Hydrometallurgy can be performed at temperatures below 200 °C and has material recovery rates of up to 93% for lithium, nickel and cobalt, but it produces large amounts of wastewater. Developing technologies such as direct recycling and upcycling aim to increase the efficiency of LIB recycling and rely on improved pretreatment processes with automated disassembly and cleaner mechanical separation. Additionally, the range of materials recovered from spent LIBs is expanding from the cathode materials recycled with established methods to include anode materials, electrolytes, binders, separators and current collectors. Achieving an efficient recycling ecosystem will require collaboration between recyclers, battery manufacturers and electric vehicle manufacturers to aid the design and automation of battery disassembly lines.

Compartmentalized dendritic plasticity in the mouse retrosplenial cortex links contextual memories formed close in time

Events occurring close in time are often linked in memory, and recent studies suggest that such memories are encoded by overlapping neuronal ensembles. However, the role of dendritic plasticity mechanisms in linking memories is unknown. Here we show that memory linking is dependent not only on neuronal ensemble overlap in the mouse retrosplenial cortex, but also on branch-specific dendritic allocation mechanisms. The same dendritic segments are preferentially activated by two linked (but not independent) contextual memories, and spine clusters added after each of two linked (but not independent) contextual memories are allocated to the same dendritic segments. Importantly, we show that the reactivation of dendrites activated during the first context exploration is sufficient to link two contextual memories. Our results demonstrate a critical role for localized dendritic plasticity in memory integration and reveal rules governing how linked and independent memories are allocated to dendritic compartments.

Improving the fast-charging capability of NbWO-based Li-ion batteries

The discovery of Nb-W-O materials years ago marks the milestone of charging a lithium-ion battery in minutes. Nevertheless, for many applications, charging lithium-ion battery within one minute is urgently demanded, the bottleneck of which largely lies in the lack of fundamental understanding of Li+ storage mechanisms in these materials. Herein, by visualizing Li+ intercalated into representative Nb16W5O55, we find that the fast-charging nature of such material originates from an interesting rate-dependent lattice relaxation process associated with the Jahn-Teller effect. Furthermore, in situ electron microscopy further reveals a directional, [010]-preferred Li+ transport mechanism in Nb16W5O55 crystals being the “bottleneck” toward fast charging that deprives the entry of any desolvated Li+ through the prevailing non-(010) surfaces. Hence, we propose a machine learning-assisted interface engineering strategy to swiftly collect desolvated Li+ and relocate them to (010) surfaces for their fast intercalation. As a result, a capacity of ≈ 116 mAh g−1 (68.5% of the theoretical capacity) at 80 C (45 s) is achieved when coupled with a Li negative electrode.

Mechanochemical activation of metallic lithium for the generation and application of organolithium compounds in air

The development of mechanochemical synthetic methods that use ball milling has garnered increased interest in recent years. In organometallic synthesis, this method can eliminate the need for complicated operational set-ups involving inert gases and dry organic solvents, and can enhance reactivity by activating the surface of zero-valent metals. However, the mechanochemical generation of organolithium compounds has not yet been explored despite their widespread use in organic synthesis. Here we report a mechanochemical method for the direct generation of organolithium reagents from readily available organic halides and unactivated lithium metal (lithium wire) under bulk-solvent-free conditions. These reactions rapidly generate a diverse array of organolithium compounds at room temperature without special precautions against moisture and without temperature control. The addition of these compounds to various electrophiles proceeds smoothly in a one-pot fashion. This approach enables reactions with poorly soluble aryl halides and direct C–F bond lithiation that are inefficient under conventional solution-based conditions.

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