Ribbons of dust in a supernova glow
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Abundant water from primordial supernovae at cosmic dawn
Primordial (or population III) supernovae were the first nucleosynthetic engines in the Universe, and they forged the heavy elements required for the later formation of planets and life. Water, in particular, is thought to be crucial to the cosmic origins of life as we understand it, and recent models have shown that water can form in low-metallicity gas like that present at high redshifts. Here we present numerical simulations that show that the first water in the Universe formed in population III core-collapse and pair-instability supernovae at redshifts z ≈ 20. The primary sites of water production in these remnants are dense molecular cloud cores, which in some cases were enriched with primordial water to mass fractions that were only a factor of a few below those in the Solar System today. These dense, dusty cores are also probable candidates for protoplanetary disk formation. Besides revealing that a primary ingredient for life was already in place in the Universe 100–200 Myr after the Big Bang, our simulations show that water was probably a key constituent of the first galaxies.
Mass and particle size distribution of household dust on children’s hands
Children are vulnerable to household dust exposure; however, to date, a handful of studies simultaneously report both the mass and particle size of household dust found on children’s hands after natural indoor play activities.
Observationally derived magnetic field strength and 3D components in the HD 142527 disk
The magnetic fields in protoplanetary disks around young stars play an important role in disk evolution and planet formation. Measuring the polarized thermal emission from magnetically aligned grains is a reliable method for tracing magnetic fields. However, it has been difficult to observe magnetic fields from dust polarization in protoplanetary disks because other polarization mechanisms involving grown dust grains become efficient. Here we report multi-wavelength (0.87, 1.3, 2.1 and 2.7 mm) observations of polarized thermal emission in the protoplanetary disk around HD 142527, which shows a lopsided dust distribution. We revealed that smaller dust particles still exhibit magnetic alignment in the southern part of the disk. Furthermore, angular offsets between the observed magnetic field and the disk azimuthal direction were discovered. These offsets can be used to measure the relative strengths of each component of a three-dimensional magnetic field (radial (Br), azimuthal (Bϕ) and vertical (Bz)). Applying this method, we derived the magnetic field around a 200 au radius from the protostar as ∣Br∣:∣Bϕ∣:∣Bz∣ ≈ 0.26:1:0.23 with a strength of ~0.3 mG. Our observations provide some key parameters of magnetic activities, including the plasma beta, which has had to be assumed in theoretical studies. In addition, the radial and vertical angular momentum transfers were found to be comparable, which poses a challenge to theoretical studies of protoplanetary disks.
A MEMS grating modulator with a tunable sinusoidal grating for large-scale extendable apertures
Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) grating modulators enable versatile beam steering functions through the electrostatic actuation of movable ribbons. These modulators operate at ultrahigh frequencies in the hundred kHz range, and their micromirror-free configuration simplifies the fabrication process and reduces costs compared to micromirror-based modulators. However, these modulators are limited in their optical efficiency and aperture. Here, we present a MEMS grating modulator with a notably extendable aperture and a high optical efficiency that benefits from the adoption of a tunable sinusoidal grating. Instead of end-constrained movable ribbons, we constrain the MEMS grating modulator through broadside-constrained continuous ribbons. The end-free grating enables improved scalability along the ribbons, and the continuous sinusoidal surface of the grating allows an increased fill factor. As an example, we experimentally demonstrate a MEMS grating modulator with a large-scale aperture of 30 × 30 mm and an optical efficiency of up to 90%. The modulation depth enables intensity modulation across a broad wavelength range from 635 to 1700 nm. The experimental results demonstrate that the reported modulator has a mechanical settling time of 1.1 μs and an extinction ratio of over 20 dB. Furthermore, it offers a dynamic modulation contrast of over 95% within a 250 kHz operating frequency and achieves full modulation within a field of view (FOV) of ±30°. The reported MEMS grating modulator holds promise for application in high-speed light attenuation and modulating retroreflector free-space optical (MRR-FSO) communication systems. Our device also paves new ways for future high-speed, energy-efficient, and cost-effective communication networks.
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