Spirocycles by transfer
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Recommendations for mitochondria transfer and transplantation nomenclature and characterization
Intercellular mitochondria transfer is an evolutionarily conserved process in which one cell delivers some of their mitochondria to another cell in the absence of cell division. This process has diverse functions depending on the cell types involved and physiological or disease context. Although mitochondria transfer was first shown to provide metabolic support to acceptor cells, recent studies have revealed diverse functions of mitochondria transfer, including, but not limited to, the maintenance of mitochondria quality of the donor cell and the regulation of tissue homeostasis and remodelling. Many mitochondria-transfer mechanisms have been described using a variety of names, generating confusion about mitochondria transfer biology. Furthermore, several therapeutic approaches involving mitochondria-transfer biology have emerged, including mitochondria transplantation and cellular engineering using isolated mitochondria. In this Consensus Statement, we define relevant terminology and propose a nomenclature framework to describe mitochondria transfer and transplantation as a foundation for further development by the community as this dynamic field of research continues to evolve.
Full recovery of brines at normal temperature with process-heat-supplied coupled air-carried evaporating separation (ACES) cycle
Conventional air-carried evaporating separation (ACES) technology, to achieve complete separation and recovery of water and salt in brine, tends to necessitate heating air above a critical temperature (typically>90 °C). In this paper, a novel concept of process-heat-supplied and an ACES cycle with this technique is proposed. A comprehensive thermodynamic analytical investigation is conducted. The results indicate that at heat source supply temperature Tsupply of only 45.17 °C, this novel unit is capable of achieving complete separation of water and salt from 5 wt% concentration brine. Meanwhile, thermodynamic mechanism analysis reveals that sufficient process-heat-supplied affords the fluid self-adaptive regulation on the driving potential of heat and mass transfer, thus circumventing traditional heat and mass transfer limitation. Additionally, a solar ACES system with process-heat-supplied incorporating heat pump is further proposed. For this system, theoretical evaporation rate for unit area of solar irradiation me-solar = 2.23 kg/(m2·h), integrated solar utilization efficiency ηi = 188%; while considering overall losses me-solar = 1.41 kg/(m2·h), ηi = 95.2%.
Two types of motifs enhance human recall and generalization of long sequences
Whether it is listening to a piece of music, learning a new language, or solving a mathematical equation, people often acquire abstract notions in the sense of motifs and variables—manifested in musical themes, grammatical categories, or mathematical symbols. How do we create abstract representations of sequences? Are these abstract representations useful for memory recall? In addition to learning transition probabilities, chunking, and tracking ordinal positions, we propose that humans also use abstractions to arrive at efficient representations of sequences. We propose and study two abstraction categories: projectional motifs and variable motifs. Projectional motifs find a common theme underlying distinct sequence instances. Variable motifs contain symbols representing sequence entities that can change. In two sequence recall experiments, we train participants to remember sequences with projectional and variable motifs, respectively, and examine whether motif training benefits the recall of novel sequences sharing the same motif. Our result suggests that training projectional and variables motifs improve transfer recall accuracy, relative to control groups. We show that a model that chunks sequences in an abstract motif space may learn and transfer more efficiently, compared to models that learn chunks or associations on a superficial level. Our study suggests that humans construct efficient sequential memory representations according to the two types of abstraction we propose, and creating these abstractions benefits learning and out-of-distribution generalization. Our study paves the way for a deeper understanding of human abstraction learning and generalization.
Revolutionizing wearable technology: advanced fabrication techniques for body-conformable electronics
With the increasing demand for wearable electronic products, there is a pressing need to develop electronic devices that seamlessly conform to the contours of the human body while delivering excellent performance and reliability. Traditional rigid electronic fabrication technologies fall short of meeting these requirements, necessitating the exploration of advanced flexible fabrication technologies that offer new possibilities for designing and fabricating flexible and stretchable electronic products, particularly in wearable devices. Over time, the continuous development of innovative fabrication techniques has ushered in significant improvements in the design freedom, lightweight, seamless integration, and multifunctionality of wearable electronics. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advancements facilitated by advanced fabrication technology in wearable electronics. It specifically focuses on key fabrication methods, including printed electronics fabrication, soft transfer, 3D structure fabrication, and deformation fabrication. By highlighting these advancements, it sheds light on the challenges and prospects for further development in wearable electronics fabrication technologies. The introduction of advanced fabrication technologies has revolutionized the landscape of wearable/conformable electronics, expanding their application domains, streamlining system complexity associated with customization, manufacturing, and production, and opening up new avenues for innovation and development of body-conformable electronics.
Ultrafast exciton-phonon coupling and energy transfer dynamics in quasi-2D layered Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites
Understanding the performance of perovskite solar cells is critical for advancing sustainable energy solutions. Hot-drop casted quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites (RPPs) exhibit remarkable efficiency and stability, making them promising for commercial applications. However, the ultrafast energy transfer and exciton-phonon interactions in these materials remain unclear. Here, we show that using advanced techniques like two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) and transient grating (TG), we can unravel energy dynamics in hot-drop casted RPP films. Our study reveals rapid energy transfer between perovskite layers occurring within 100–220 femtoseconds and highlights how exciton-phonon coupling drives structural changes in the material. Coherent vibrational signals identify key lattice and organic cation modes, providing insights into their role in energy dissipation. These findings deepen our understanding of how 2D perovskites work and pave the way for improving the efficiency and stability of next-generation optoelectronic devices.
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